British Geological Survey (BGS)
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Scale 1:
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Delineated Terraces. Terraces are defined as a step-like landform and can be sub-divided thus: 1. Marine (1a: erosional / 1b: depositional); 2. Fluvial (2a: erosional / 2b: depositional); 3. Lacustrine (3a: erosional / 3b: depositional); 4. Other. Further information on genesis of the terrace e.g. Erosional (e.g. wave-cut platform), Depositional (e.g. fluvial margins) is presented if known. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.
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Palaeocoastline polyline features delineating former coastlines and shorelines subdivided into those which have been mapped (direct observation) or modelled. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only, 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence
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Primary and Secondary Sea Level Index Points. Where information is available on the genesis of the index point it is given. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only, 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence
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Forests and wetlands form sedimentary environments where organic-rich material accumulates with time, thus forming natural archives. Remains of macroscopic plants, pollens, insects and other organisms can be preserved in these sediments. These are frequently used to reconstruct palaeoclimate records using various proxy techniques.
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Palaeocastlines are features that delineate former coastlines and shorelines, which are divided into drowned and raised shorelines.
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The past position of sea level over space and time can be defined by what is termed the Sea Level Index Points (SLIPs), which are characterised by the following fundamental fields: a) geographic location (latitude and longitude); b) age (traditionally determined by radiometric methods, e.g. radiocarbon or U-series dating); c) the altitude (preferably relative to a national levelling datum); and d) the vertical relationship a contemporaneous tide level.
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Submerged springs are a common groundwater discharge feature of the karst aquifers along the Mediterranean coast. They form in karst areas where, during previous geological periods, the sea level has risen, or the shoreline lowered.
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Sea level is known to have fluctuated by more than 100 metres over repeated glacial cycles resulting in recurring exposure, inundation and migration of coastlines. Landscape response to these changes in sea level, and the preservation of these features on continental shelves around Europe, are an invaluable resource for improving our understanding of human history and environmental change over geological time.
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Coastal landscape underlain by limestone which has been eroded by dissolution, producing ridges, towers, fissures, sinkholes and other characteristic landforms. Where known the type of karst e.g. limestone, dolomite, evaporitic rocks, sinkholes, boulder piles etc. is stated. Chronological information is presented as calendar age BP. Confidence is defined as follows: 1. High: Sampled feature with good age and palaeoenvironmental control. 2. Sampled feature with poor or none age and palaeoenvironmental control. 3. Constructed by remote sensing data only. 4. Low: Reasonable without any direct evidence.
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The thickness maps of the Post-LGM deposits can be used to identify areas where i) pre-Holocene submerged landscapes are exposed at or close to the seabed, or, ii) where there is high potential for preservation of early Holocene landscape features such as submerged river valleys or coasts. Contours are presented as depth (metres) below the present seafloor or the base of the post-LGM sedimentary cover. In glaciated regions, the thickness of the Holocene is used.