Samples were collected during the “Acoustics along the BRAzilian COaSt (ABRACOS)” oceanographic campaigns, carried out in Austral spring (30 August - 20 September of 2015 - ABRAÇOS1; Bertrand, 2015) and fall (9 April - 9 May of 2017 - ABRAÇOS 2; Bertrand, 2017) on board the French R/V ANTEA. Spring 2015 and fall 2017 are representative of canonical spring and fall conditions in terms of thermohaline structure and currents dynamics (Assunção et al., 2020; Dossa et al., 2021).  Nutrients (nitrite NO2, nitrate NO3, phosphate PO4 and silicate Si(OH)4) have been determined on seawater samples collected using Niskin bottles at different depths during the cruise. Up to 12 samples were collected at each station, depending on the station depth. Samples were collected and "pasteurised" (ie heated at 80C for 2h30 in an oven) to ensure their stability until the analysis was performed at the laboratory. The nutrients analysis has been achieved using the classical colorimetric method (Technicon analyzer). Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

Surface inorganic carbon and alkalinity in the Gulf of Maranhao from 2013 to 2014 as part of the IRD (France)-FAPEMA (Brazil) project BIOAMAZON. Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

Physical data associated with the ABRACO2 cruise. The ABRACOS2 cruise's main objective was to draw up a 3D characterisation of the abiotic and biotic compartments and their interactions. The cruise had 3 specific objectives: 1) Characterisation of water masses and their dynamics. Data collected (ADCP, CTD, rosette, etc.) will be used to study the physical connections between (i) ocean islands and coastal ecosystems and (ii) tropical/subtropical coastal regions to the South and equatorial coastal regions to the North. In-situ measurements will also make it possible to validate the regional high-resolution hydrodynamic models. 2) Ecosystem acoustics. Collecting multifrequency acoustic data in order to create the first 3D characterisation of island and coastal ecosystems in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Acoustic observations will be combined with sampling with pelagic trawl (Legs 1 and 2), bottom trawl (Leg 1), and with sampling of zooplankton and video images. 3) Biodiversity and food web structure. In-situ sampling will provide information about the distribution, biodiversity, trophic ecology (use of stable isotopes) and the contamination (methylmercury) of organisms. The related projects are ABRAÇOS and 'Planning in a liquid world: Marine spatial planning and network dynamics' (PADDLE), (H2020 RISE), (PI: M. Bonnin, 2017-2020). Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

Physical data associated with the ABRACO cruise. The ABRACOS (Acoustics along the BRAzilian COaSt) cruise aims to begin an integrated approach to monitoring the tropical marine ecosystems in the Brazilian Nordeste region in order to better understand the connectivity between the sub-systems composing it. In particular, this cruise should fill this gap and improve understanding of the degree of connectivity which exists between the oceanic islands and the continental margin in the Nordeste of Brazil, as well as within the continental platform. In this context, the main objective of the ABRACOS cruise consisted in drawing up a 3D characterization of abiotic and biotic compartments and their interactions in the Brazilian Nordeste. Specific objectives: Objective 1 - Characterization of island and coastal dynamics. Measurement of hydrological characteristics and currents (rosette, CTD, ADCP) should enable the circulation and characteristics of water masses to be described. These data will be more specifically used to study the physical connections between 1) the oceanic islands and coastal ecosystems and 2) the coast along the ocean and coastal zones. The in-situ measurements obtained will also be used to validate high resolution regional hydrodynamic models (e.g. ROMS model) which will be implemented. In-situ data acquired during the ABRACOS cruise will be supplemented by satellite data for sea surface heights (e.g. AVISO), surface temperature and chlorophyll (e.g. MODIS) and wind (e.g. ASCAT). However, it should be noted that the resolution of the products usually used and land-ocean interferences on altimetry and backscatter data will not allow these products to be used at less than 30-50 km from the coast. We will be able to partially eliminate this problem by using new "alongtrack" processing of altimetric data performed by the Center for Topographic studies of the Ocean and Hydrosphere in Toulouse. These data will be used to document the geostrophic (from sea level) ageostrophic (from wind) components of surface circulation and their variability in coastal zones. Objective 2 - Ecosystem acoustics. Acoustic tools can provide the simultaneous acquisition of quantitative and qualitative data, at different spatial-temporal scales, in numerous biotic and abiotic compartments of an ecosystem. These data can be used to characterize the ecosystem in three dimensions and directly study interactions between compartments. Active acoustics have rarely been used in tropical coastal zones. The multifrequency (38, 70, 120, and 200 kHz) acoustic data acquired during the ABRACOS cruise will be used to create an initial 3D characterization of island and coastal ecosystems in the Brazilian Nordeste region, simultaneously characterizing the seabed and water column, when possible. The French team proposing this has sound experience in the field and developed the open source 'Echopen' software in Brest (www.france-nord.ird.fr/lesressources/outils-informatiques) which can separate the various sources of acoustic echoes (e.g. zooplankton, gelatinous organisms and fish) from multifrequency acoustic data. In order to calibrate the 'Echopen Brésil' version, acoustic observations from the ABRACOS cruise must be combined with sampling using micronekton, mesopelagic and bottom trawls (Leg 2 only) and sampling of zooplankton at fixed stations (bongo and WP2 plankton nets and phytoplankton nets). To validate the 'Echopen substrat' tool we will use sampling done with bottom trawl, substrate grab and video camera observations. Objective 3 - Biodiversity and trophic structure. As indicated, acoustic observations will be complemented by in-situ sampling of planktonic, pelagic (mid-water trawls) and demersal-benthic (bottom trawl) organisms. This will involve establishing how hydrological conditions determine the vertical distribution of organisms and therefore interactions. One part of the sampled organisms will be conserved in formaldehyde then identified by taxonomists at the Federal university of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) to be added to Brazilian collections. The remainder of the samples will be used to obtain biological information. Along with the classic biological measurements (size, weight, sex, maturity, etc.) specimens of entire organisms (plankton) and soft tissues (muscles) will be taken in order to titrate various trophic tracers: stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and insofar as possible mercury. In addition, particulate organic matter (POM) will be collected by filtration (samples taken by rosette) to titrate the amounts of stable isotopes. Spatial variations in these tracers will make it possible to highlight the relative positions of these organisms in the food web and variations in food sources through the local POM signatures. Measurements of methylmercury (MeHg), a neurotoxin which accumulates in the food chain, will also be performed on part of the samples used for stable isotopes. The related projects are ABRACOS and Action Incitative IRD "DANOB". Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

An up-to-date map of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts is constructed from the latest version of mean dynamic topography from satellite altimetry (Park et al., 2019, Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current over the Udintsev Fracture Zone, the narrowest choke point in the Southern Ocean, JGR-Oceans, in review). These are derived from the 1/8°-resolution Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) of Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales-Collect Localisation Satellites 2018 (CNES-CLS18) for the 1993-2012 reference period [(Rio)-[https://motu.aviso.altimetry.fr/motu-web/Motu] et al., The new CNES-CLS18 Mean Dynamic Topography solution, in preparation]. The narrowest ACC width in the Udintsev Fracture Zone (UFZ), with the strongest concentration of the three major ACC fronts within a limited distance as short as 170 km, about 40% narrower than that at Drake Passage. At 144°W, at the entrance of the UFZ, which lies between the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR) and its eastwardly-offset segment (offset PAR segment), there is a triple confluence of the Subantarctic Front (SAF), Polar Front (PF), and Southern ACC Front. Downstream of this longitude, the SAF progressively meanders northward over the relatively shallow offset PAR segment before channeling through the Eltanin Fracture Zone, thus diverging from the PF which proceeds through the UFZ. Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

The data were obtained from a regular sampling program of industrial fisheries landings in Rio Grande, southern Brazil. The dataset presented is composed of: Fishing gear with landing date, minimum and  maximum depth of the catches in ech fishing trip.. Individual fish parameters of length, total weight, total, sex, age, maturity stage, gonad weight, gonadosomatic indices and allometric condition factor. Type of the scales border and classification of the readability of the growth rings. During dock sampling, total length (TL), measured from the tip of the snout to the midpoint of the upper and lower limbs of the caudal fin, was recorded in mm, total weght. (TW) in grams,  and sexed: (1) male, (2) female, (3) undetermined and (4) hermaphrodite. Specimens were classified from macroscopic examination as hermaphrodites when both testicular and ovarian tissues were present in the gonads and as males or females when all or most of the tissue was testicular or ovarian, respectively. Maturity stages were determined macroscopically with a seven-point scale: (1) virginal immature, (2) developing virginal, (3) developing, (4) advanced development, (5) running, (6) partly spent and (7) recovering. Gonads were weighted in grams (GW) and the average gonadosomatic indices were calculated as GSI = 100(GW/TW) . Allometric condition factors (K) were calculated as K = TW/TLb, where b is the coefficient of the weight-length relationship. For age determination, scales collected from behind the pectoral fin insertion. The readability of growth rings on the scales were classified as “well-marked”, “faint or absent” and “unreadable”. The position of the last ring relative to the posterior border of the scales were classified a (1) recently formed near the border, or  (2) more distant of the border. Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

Malvinas Current 1993-1995 at 41S: mooring velocities (cf, Vivier F. and C. Provost (1999a), Direct velocity measurements in the Malvinas Current. J. Geophys. Res., 104, doi:10.1029/1999JC900163.)

The bathymetric dataset was accumulated during twenty-two oceanographic research expeditions, with a 51 feet vessel between December 2016 and April 2017. The research expeditions covered a diverse array of transects with a total length of approximately 1,800 km. Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

Currentmeter moorings in the Malvinas Current from 2001-2003 (cf Spadone A. and C. Provost (2009), Variations in the Malvinas Current volume transport since October 1992, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 114, C02002, doi:10.1029/2008JC004882.)

Data used in the Paper cited. It includes CTD data in .mat format from the Moc-Austral (2010) and ALBATROSS (1999) cruises.