Sediment Traps in the frame of HERMES project

Ocean latent (LHF) and sensible (SHF) heat flux products developed by several scientific groups have been examined in the European Space Agency (ESA) Ocean Heat Flux (OHF) project. This dataset is the collocations of nine OHF products with in situ surface marine observations of the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS Version 3). Required for inclusion are that a) valid collocations exist with all OHF products and their ensemble and b) all ICOADS variables required to calculate a COARE flux estimate are within 2.8 estimated standard deviations of their respective smoothed monthly climatology. All values (including ICOADS flux estimates by the COARE 3.0 algorithm) are considered at the daily, 0.25-degree resolution of the project’s reference grid. The nine product collocations include additional samples at daily intervals from two days before to two days after ICOADS collocation. Further information about the nine standardized products can be found in Bentamy et al. (2018).

We defined the interfaces between the air/snow, snow/ice, and ice/ocean and calculated the ocean heat flux for two SIMBA recordings (SIMBA2015a and SIMBA_2015f) of repeated temperature profiles at 6h interval and 2cm vertical resolution, during N-ICE 2015 experiment floe1. The snow/ice interface is derived from the sharp contrast in the diffusivity proxy values between both media. The snow/ice interface does not change except for slush formation associated with flooding events. The air/snow interface is calculated using simultaneous information from the vertical gradient of the temperature and the standard deviation over 24, 48, and 72 h period. Snow accumulation of more than 10 centimeters happened at different time for the 2 SIMBA. The ice/ocean interface is estimated from temperature profiles alone since the winter sea-ice remains colder than the ocean. The ocean just below the ice is at or just above the freezing temperature (estimated from a near surface conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensor see Koenig et al. [2016]). The method detects (1) the first sensor, downward of the snow/ice interface, with a temperature above the ocean freezing temperature and (2) the last sensor in the ice with a temperature below the mean ocean temperature by at least twice the ocean temperature standard deviation in that profile. The ice/ocean interface is then defined as half way between the last sensor in the ice and the first sensor in the ocean. Note it take 3-4 days for the deployment hole to refreeze. Then the ice thickness remains constant up to 20 February when floe1 breaks. Simba_2015f stops working and SIMBA_2015a features basal melt events corresponding to temperature changes in the ocean. The consistency of the 3 interfaces estimate is validated with the thermal diffusivity proxy and the vertical and temporal derivatives of temperature. The ocean heat flux is derived from the latent heat flux which is directly proportional to the change in time of the ice/ocean interface depth and the conductive heat flux in the lower portion of the ice estimated 6 cm above the ice/ocean interface. The ocean heat flux values for SIMBA_2015a and SIMBA2015f range from -50 to 350 W/m2, and -50 to 150 W/m2 respectively, while the basal melt events associated with ocean temperature increase stand out in SIMBA_2015a.   The SIMBA data are available through the Norwegian Polar Institute’s data center (https://data.npolar.no/dataset/6ed9a8ca-95b0-43be-bedf-8176bf56da80) and the method of interface detection is thoroughly described in Provost et al. (2017). Note that all time series have been smoothed with a 36-h running mean.   Provost, C., N. Sennechael, J. Miguet, P. Itkin, A. Rosel, Z. Koenig, N. Villacieros-Robineau, and M. A. Granskog (2017), Observations of flooding and snow-ice formation in a thinner Arctic sea-ice regime during the N-ICE2015 campaign: Influence of basal ice melt and storms, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 7115–7134, doi:10.1002/2016JC012011. Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.

The biogeochemical dataset was acquired during the (SOCLIM cruise)-[https://doi.org/10.17600/16003300] to study : The Air-Sea exchange by improving the quantification of important climate relevant parameters such as air-sea fluxes of heat, fresh-water and carbon. The Carbon sequestration with describing and quantifying the physical and biogeochemical processes driving the sequestration of carbon in the Southern Ocean The Bio-optical anomaly while exploring the bio-optical anomaly of Southern Ocean surface waters, which contain less chlorophyll a than their color is actually suggesting The Role of Mesoscale by evaluating the role of mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics in driving physical, biogeochimical and biological processes Important Note: This submission has been initially submitted to SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) publication service and received the recorded DOI. The metadata elements have been further processed (refined) in EMODnet Ingestion Service in order to conform with the Data Submission Service specifications.